The Particle Network L1
Understanding the role of the Particle Network L1 in powering Universal Accounts.
Introduction to the Particle Network L1
Particle Network’s main product is Universal Accounts (UAs). Through UAs, any Web3 user can have a single account, balance, and interaction point to be used across all chains. This achieves ✨the experience of chain abstraction✨.
However, Web3-wide chain abstraction isn’t possible without uniform, secure, and trustless coordination.
Coordination of what, you may ask?
Since most blockchains are fundamentally incompatible, especially across ecosystems (BTC, EVM, non-EVM, etc.), chain abstraction is nearly impossible to build into blockchains themselves.
This underscores that there are multiple technologies that need to be stacked to achieve chain abstraction as an experience. Several factors need to be coordinated, leading to the following questions:
How do assets in multiple chains come together to present a single balance?How do these assets move across chains?How do we ensure all the transactions that may go through such a system are correctly sequenced, forever?How do we keep such a system secure?And, perhaps most importantly: How do we achieve this in a decentralized way?
To create the near-perfect coordination that Universal Accounts require, a specialized mechanism that coordinates all the necessary factors is needed.
So, we resolved to create one.
Enter the Particle Network L1 blockchain
The Particle Network L1 powers Universal Accounts through a decentralized network of nodes and modules. With its multiple mechanisms, it is responsible for facilitating transaction execution, settling results, and maintaining Universal Accounts’ state.
As opposed to smart contract blockchains like Solana, Ethereum, or its L2s, the Particle Network L1 is not a chain for developers to build applications on, or for users to transact. Rather, it serves an infrastructural role, unifying the users and liquidity of all other chains.
Core functionalities
The Particle Network L1 provides users and developers with three core functionalities:
Universal Accounts
A single interaction point for users, allowing them to seamlessly use dApps deployed on any chain.
Universal Liquidity
Guarantees users’ assets can be used across any chain via an underlying system of cross-chain atomic swaps and transactions.
Universal Gas
Allows users to pay for gas with any token, on any chain.
To leverage Universal Accounts and tap into the Particle Network L1, developers only need to integrateParticle Network’s Universal SDK within their dApps. This allows them to deploy their dApp in whatever chain they think is more suitable for their needs without alienating users of other networks.
Architecture
There are three primary modules of the Particle Network L1 that power Universal Accounts:
Master Keystore Hub
Ensures the coordination of accounts deployed across all chains, allowing users to retain a single address.
Decentralized Bundler
Executes users’ verified transactions on their target chains, making their Universal Account the only point of interaction for dApps on every chain.
Decentralized Messaging Network
Monitors the status of users’ cross-chain interactions, eventually settling all of them on the Particle Network L1.
Integrating Universal Accounts
Deploy a dApp on any chain
Tap into Universal Accounts and the Particle Network L1 for a borderless experience
Security
The Particle Network L1 retains its integrity and sequencing through a robust validation mechanism.
All transactions executed by Universal Accounts are ultimately settled on the L1 and verified by its validator set. This validator set leverages dual economic security, relying on $PARTI (Particle Network’s native token) and $BTC staking (through Babylon).
As such, Particle Network’s validation mechanism is composed of two groups: one secured by $PARTI and one secured by $BTC. Both groups must agree on validity for a block to be verified. This means that transaction sequences executed by Universal Accounts are verified by a diverse set of validators, rather than beholden to one or a handful of entities with collusion potential.
Dual Staking: $PARTI and $BTC
